A bunion is a progressive foot deformity that occurs at the base of the big toe. Over time, the big toe shifts toward the second toe, creating a bony prominence on the inside of the foot. Although bunions may begin with mild discomfort, they often progress over time if not addressed.

Bunions are most commonly influenced by genetics, meaning the structure and mechanics of your feet can predispose you to developing one. They may be worsened by footwear that places excessive pressure on the forefoot, such as narrow or restrictive shoes, and in some cases may develop or accelerate following injury to the big toe joint.

 

Types Of Bunions

Hallux Valgus (Classic Bunion)

  • The most common type. The big toe drifts toward the second toe, and a bony bump forms on the inside of the foot.

Bunionette (Tailor’s Bunion)

  • A smaller bunion that develops on the outside of the foot at the base of the fifth toe. Often caused by narrow footwear or foot structure.

Adolescent Bunion

  • A bunion that develops during teenage years—usually linked to inherited foot structure rather than footwear.

Arthritic Bunion (Hallux Rigidus / Hallux Limitus)

  • Joint degeneration at the big toe joint leading to stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. Not always a classic “bump,” but still a painful bunion-related condition.

Congenital Bunion

  • Present from childhood due to inherited structural alignment issues.

When To Seek Treatment

You may benefit from assessment if you experience:

  • Persistent pain in the big toe joint or along the side of the foot

  • A visible bump that is increasing in size

  • Difficulty fitting into shoes or needing larger footwear

  • Pain while walking, standing, or being active

  • Big toe drifting toward or overlapping the second toe

  • Stiffness or reduced movement in the big toe joint

  • Calluses or corns forming near the bunion or under the forefoot

  • Bunions interfering with work, sport, or daily activities

 

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